The use of this equipment is mandatory on certain jobs. Series reactor is used to reduce the shortcircuit current or starting currents. Substation definition n critical for generation, transmission, and distribution system n performs several important switching functions n may have various voltage levels before it reaches the customer n owned and operated by an electrical utility or a large industrialcommercial customer. The integrate design and high areas of stress makes. Before embarking on determining substation reliability indices, it is helpful to be familiar with some of the common substation layouts and their corresponding names. Introduction to substations annotated instructors guide module overview this module introduces trainees to the function of substations at all levels of the power grid, with an introduction to typical substation components included. Pin insulators post insulators strain insulators suspension insulators hallow apparatus insulators deadend insulators solid core insulators what is creepage distance. Electrical substation components, workings and their functions. Basic substation configurations and the components. Substation automation an overview sciencedirect topics. Sep 16, 2012 a current transformer is defined as an instrument transformer in which the secondary current is substantially proportional to the primary current under normal conditions of operation and differs in phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections.
Substation interview questions answers engineering tutorial. There are large number of tools and equipments used in foundry shop for carrying out different operations such as sand preparation, molding, melting, pouring and casting. Fundamentals of electrical substations and switchgear. This feature together with the possibility of free allocation of functions paves the way for a vast range of possible solutions for protection and substation automation sa systems. The function of this trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating station, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution and provide facilities for switching. The substation buses are currentcarrying devices that interconnect the individual pieces of substation equipment. This high voltage is very dangerous to the instruments used in the substation. Electric power may flow through several substations between generating plant and consumer, and may be changed in voltage in several steps. Creepage distance is the shortest distance between two conducting points along the surface of the insulating. Thanks for sharing the useful information about substation equipment and its functions. The key steps in the substation designing include switchingsystem, planning and placing of equipment. The substation design manual is not intended to replace asset. Iec61850 operation library for substation equipment allows visualization, monitoring, and control of bays and primary equipment from 800xa graphics displays through faceplates.
Pdf development of an electrical substation equipment. Load interrupting or a loadbreak switch combines the functions of a disconnecting switch and a load interrupter for interrupting at rated voltage and currents not exceeding the. Handbook on united nations multidimensional peacekeeping operations peacekeeping best practices unit department of peacekeeping operations. Switching operations substations connect or disconnect elements of the power system, using circuit breakers andor switches. The smart substation should make full use of advanced technologies, such as big data, mobile interconnection, artificial intelligence, and image recognition, to realize the intelligent operation and maintenance of substation equipment in the mode of highest efficiency and lowest cost, with the functions of. A substation that has a stepup transformer increases the voltage while decreasing the current, while a stepdown transformer decreases the voltage while increasing the current for domestic and commercial distribution. Electrical energy systems components and substations for electrical transmission and distribution systems b. Types of office equipment and their functions updated.
This report was sponsored by the united states department of energy, ofice of energy eficiency and renewable energy, federal energy management program. Tennessee valley authority abstract bushings provide a point of interface such that electrical current can pass to and from an electrical apparatus. The substations are mainly used to convert ac alternating current to dc direct current. Brand and others published design of iec 61850 based substation automation systems according to customer requirements find, read and cite all the research you need on. Substations that interconnect multiple utilities, generators, or serve to. The communication between circuit breakers, autoreclosers and sectionalizing switches in the primary and secondary distribution circuits located in the field and the pc in distribution substation control room is through. Substation equipment substation devices latest price. Substation automation development images from industrial ethernet book, christoph brunner. For transferring of electrical power from generating unit to distributing units various types of electrical equipment are required. Fundamentals of modern electrical substations part 1. Tikhodeev encyclopedia of life support systems eolss into substation equipment systems. One of the biggest challenges in the implementation of substation automation systems is the. The engineering function is generally more than furnishing of design and specifications. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also automatically during abnormal.
The electrical substation can be defined as a network of electrical components comprising of power transformers, busbars, auxiliaries, and switchgear etc. Design of power substation authorstream presentation. Xml is suitable for defining structuredsemantics markup language related to specific areas. They can be broadly classified as hand tools, sand conditioning tool, flasks, power operated equipments, metal melting equipments and fettling and finishing. For consultation and interpretation of components, devices and electrical and electronic circuit. Gate pdf files free download 6 gate info for eee and ece 2 gate previous questions and solutions 2 hrc fuse 3 important days in every year 1 important full forms 1. Components and substations for electrical transmission and. Utility clamp used to hold a test tube or other piece of equipment in place on a ring stand. Wire gauze is usually placed on top of this structure. The electricity substation is a network of electrical equipment which is connected in a structured way in order to supply electricity to end consumers. Information produced and required by each substation is given in the iec61850 standard.
This module introduces trainees to the function of substations at all levels of the power grid, with an introduction to typical. Iec61850 operation library for substation equipment is delivered together with the 800xa iec 61850 connect package and can be installed and used as an optional software. Current transformer when current in a circuit is too high to directly apply to measuring instruments, a current transformer is used. Substation equipment an overview sciencedirect topics. Introduction in our present society that is greatly dependent on electric power, substation technology plays an important role in the stable and highquality transmission of electric energy. The equipment like bus bars, isolator, power transformer etc. Design guide for rural substations usda rural development. Substation integration involves integrating protection, control, and data acquisition functions into a minimal number of platforms to reduce capital and operating costs, reduce panel and control room space, and eliminate redundant equipment and databases. Dec 31, 2015 what are different insulators employed in substations. This webinar discusses the basic configuration of a substation as well as the key players involved with operations and control of transmission and distribution circuits. The specifications are determined between the substation equipment and insulator manufacturers. Switzerland introduction the more than 4000 substation automation sa systems installed worldwide are proof of the acceptance of such systems and the appreciation of their benefits by the utilities and. Ppt on substation equipments authorstream presentation. Substation equipment and its function 2 slideshare.
A substation is an electrical system with highvoltage capacity and can be used to control the apparatus, generators, electrical circuits, etc. Apr 02, 2016 kel37 page 2 substation equipments and its function distribution system the major function of distribution system is to provide power to individual consumer requirement. These types of transformers are increasingly used in urban substations. Pdf a database has been developed that documents performance of. Substation equipment such as circuitbeakers, isolators, earthing switches, surge arresters, cts, vts, neutral grounding equipment. Bus bars may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of bus duct or bus way, segregatedphase bus, or isolatedphase bus. Fuji electric has developed sf6 gasimmersed transformers since 1973. Commissioning process for new substation equipmenthayes.
Complicated distribution substations can be found in the downtown areas of large cities. Detailed investigation of substation and preparation of boq to be done by the bidder. There is numerous electrical substation components like outgoing and incoming circuitry each of which having its circuit breakers, isolators, transformers, and busbar system etc for the smooth functioning of the system. Neither the united states government nor any agency or contractor thereof, nor any of their employees. Maintenance and operation of an electrical substation of. All electric utilities are implementing ieds in their substations. Schematic and wiring diagrams shall have graphical symbols and device function numbers. Home technical articles substation main functions and classification primary distribution alstom 145kv gasinsulated switchgear gis f35 at the shuqaiq hv substation in saudi arabia an electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc. Iec 61850 is a comprehensive standard covering also. Unesco eolss sample chapters electrical energy systems components and substations for electrical transmission and distribution systems b. Practical considerations in applying iec 61850 for protection. Requirements and functions of substation automation. Supply of electric power to different consumers is done at low voltage level. Handbook on united nations multidimensional peacekeeping.
Automation involves the deployment of substation and feeder operating functions and. Substation assets facilitate the efficient transfer of power from source to load and protect the circuits delivering power including transmission lines. The smart substation should make full use of advanced technologies, such as big data, mobile interconnection, artificial intelligence, and image recognition, to realize the intelligent operation and maintenance of substation equipment in the mode of highest efficiency and lowest cost, with the functions of autonomous navigation, automatic. The middle three levels are ied implementation, ied integration, and substation automation applications. Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating station, reduce the voltage to a value. The lightning arresters can be considered as the first ever components of a substation. Northern states power company minnesota and northern states. Substation automation concept 1mrk 500 060ben page 4 protection and control terminals contd series 200 terminals the same terminal can be used for more than one object and various functions. Substations a substation is a highvoltage electric system facility. It is used to switch generators, equipment, and circuits or lines in and out of a system.
One purpose of a substation is to contain the equipment for changing electric energy from one voltage to another. Control and relay panel is most important equipment of the substation as it work as shield guard for all substation equipments and electrical network. Consider also that systems from separate vendors often are used. In the fault situations the electric apparatus and systems become dangerous to humans. The energy policy act of 1992 required all ferc jurisdictional entities to provide open, non discriminatory access to the transmission systems for. Equipments in sub station free download as word doc. Types of highvoltage substations the various types of switchgear that are available for highvoltage substations make it possible to provide flexible, individual solutions. Highvoltage substations highvoltage power transmission. Substation integration and automation can be broken down into five levels. Distribution substations may also be the points of voltage regulation, although on long distribution circuits several kmmiles, voltage regulation equipment may also be installed along the line. Series 200 is dedicated to complex applications which require many functions included. The smart substation should make full use of advanced technologies, such as big data, mobile interconnection, artificial intelligence, and image recognition, to realize the intelligent operation and maintenance of substation equipment in the mode of highest efficiency and lowest cost, with the functions of autonomous navigation, automatic recording, stateaware, intelligent identification, state prediction, and remote control.
What is a electrical substation definition, layout, and. Substations also enable one or more of the following functions to be accomplished. If the process layer device has the status monitoring function, the monitored status information is. Once a project database file is selected on a handheld terminal, the whole equipment deployment. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site.
Substation automation configuration substation automation systems can have several 10s to 100 different programmable devices. Part 1 also provides an overview of substation major equipment, explaining the mission, and arrangement of each component. Edms, printed to an electronic drawing set adobe pdf and issued to the project. The following current and former members of the substation subcommittee of the nreca. Substation equipment operates at voltages ranging from 120 v to 500 kv. Shunt reactor is used to control voltage during low load periods and compensate shunt capacitance of transmission line. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution system.
What is distribution substation and its main components. Get substation equipment at best price with product specifications. Functional architecture the main substation automation sa function consists of several sub functions which are appropriately interfaced. Equipments in sub station electrical substation transformer. Most flexible conductors used in substation construction consist of all copper, all aluminum, or aluminum with steel reinforcing acsr.
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. Substation equipment and their functions essay 57411 words. Here i am explaining the different equipment which are widely used in electrical substation. Kel37 page 2 substation equipment s and its function distribution system the major function of distribution system is to provide power to individual consumer requirement.
Home technical articles what is distribution substation and its main components. The manual is applicable for all substation projects regardless of internalexternal design delivery mode. Xcel energy operating companies interconnection guidelines. The transformation and switching station is generally known as a substation which is further elaborated below. Now planning must include elements needed by merchants. Maintenance and operation of an electrical substation of 220233 kv. Aug 19, 2010 substation, its function and types an electrical substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries etc. In the fault situations the electric apparatus and. Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The selection is made in the software and choice of cpu capacity. Pdf design of iec 61850 based substation automation systems. The substation equipment and their functions mainly include the following.
Distribution substations michigan technological university. Compliance with all technical requirements all energize elements comply with the required clearances clearances verify compliance with the last requirements of the national electrical safety code or prepa diseno subw\copy of svc subst profile 2. The electrical substation design is a complex method with full of engineer planning. The lowest level is the power system equipment, such as transformers and circuit breakers. It is connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments here in the substation. Advances in substation equipment technology have led to increased unit capacity, smaller size, and environmental preservation. The substation design manual is not intended to replace asset management standards, but rather. This software is of modular design, which facilitates addition of new functions. It also is used to change ac voltages from one level to another, andor change alternating current to direct current or direct current to alternating current. Electric power equipment maintenance and testing, 2nd edition. To better understand the importance of electrical substations, lets start with a discussion about the structure of the power systems and their main components.
Some of the insulators employed in substations are. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions. Stepdown transmission substations are located at switching points in an electrical grid. Substation automation systems make their control and. Technical specification construction of 3311 kv primary substations. All apparatus and material supplied, and all work carried out shall comply in.
The course begins with a very general overview of the types of substations and their functions and then explains issues with siting a substation including weather and environmental issues. Earth bus bars are typically bolted directly onto any metal chassis of their enclosure. His one is the first video i am putting on my channel. Substation equipment and their functions substations introduction. These are having a function of protecting equipment of substation from high voltages and are also limiting the amplitude and duration of the currents flow. Substation equipment, substation equipment manufacturers. They connect different parts of a grid and are a source for subtransmission lines or distribution lines. In power system network, in order to transmit and distribute the generated power, it is necessary to install substations at strategic points to work at required voltage level since high voltage transmission is resorted to. Substations volume i design parameters a pdh online. The above two systems work in close cooperation with each other. Pdf green and sustainable power is the need of the day. In this article you will learn different types of substations, their functions and different equipment used used in them.
Substation equipment s and functions 50 hr interview questions and answers sai saikumar jn. The most recent shipment was a 110kv, 40mva unit to the shimada substation. Nerc and the individual reliability regions modify and update their requirements from time to time. Much like bridges on the highway, they are very critical and the weakest link. This is the first component in an electrical substation, and the main function of these components is to protect the components of the substation from passing high voltage as well as stops the amplitude and duration of the flow of current. The components are interconnected such that creating a. Power substation guides, research papers and studies eep. Certain configurations may be more suited to a specific task, so the equipment in each type of substation may vary, but. Each substation has the following parts and equipment. Selection of equipment monitoring as a part of substation. Heres an overview of the different kinds of highvoltage substations and their main advantages. Transmission basics facilities, interconnection and permitting laurie a.
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